Instead of fiddling with debug keys, which might disrupt certain security software (they tend to scan for applications with keys like that), why not make it so that the market manifest parameters, like screen size, are all false? These fields are ignored when preinstalling, but if they manage to upload the app to Play, only clients that are eligible to install it will be shown the app in the first place - and nobody will be eligible to install it.
Alternatively, just include in your contract that you will not permit them to upload it to any distribution networks, and if they do so, it's a breach of contract. But that's the more law and trust oriented method.