With one account (mail address) you can log in to x devices so FCM doesn't know which one you mean. This is why the token is needed. It's unique for every device. If you need to simplify it by "send a message to Mike" you need to build a reference in a table like you've mentioned.
I have one app where the users need to give a unique nickname to solve the issue with "one user - one mail adrress - 3 devices".